{"id":52588,"date":"2025-04-18T11:31:49","date_gmt":"2025-04-18T09:31:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.accuracy.com\/?p=52588"},"modified":"2025-05-07T10:58:11","modified_gmt":"2025-05-07T08:58:11","slug":"la-defense-contre-la-reindustrialisation-un-secteur-a-surveiller","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.accuracy.com\/fr\/reindustrialisation-defence-a-sector-to-watch\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u00e9industrialisation : La d\u00e9fense, un secteur \u00e0 surveiller ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, et en particulier \u00e0 la suite de la crise sanitaire de Covid-19, <strong>la question de la r\u00e9industrialisation a occup\u00e9 le devant de la sc\u00e8ne.<\/strong> Alors que la politique industrielle a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme une aberration parce qu'elle va \u00e0 l'encontre de la libre concurrence, l'augmentation de l'intervention publique dans le secteur industriel est une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 tangible.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Il y a plusieurs raisons \u00e0 cela :<\/strong> cr\u00e9er des emplois qualifi\u00e9s et bien r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9s, am\u00e9liorer la balance commerciale, investir dans les technologies de l'avenir et veiller \u00e0 ce que l'Union europ\u00e9enne soit en mesure d'atteindre ses objectifs en mati\u00e8re d'emploi. <strong>\"L'ind\u00e9pendance et la souverainet\u00e9 de la France\",<\/strong> selon le pr\u00e9sident fran\u00e7ais dans son discours du 11 mai 2023 consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la r\u00e9industrialisation.<\/p>\n<h4><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong>DE LA D\u00c9SINDUSTRIALISATION \u00c0 LA R\u00c9HABILITATION DE LA POLITIQUE INDUSTRIELLE<\/h4>\n<p>En fait, la France a largement d\u00e9sindustrialis\u00e9 son \u00e9conomie, les services devenant le secteur \u00e9conomique le plus important (pr\u00e8s de 70% du PIB pour les services marchands et non marchands en 2023). Le graphique ci-contre montre l'\u00e9volution de la valeur ajout\u00e9e dans l'industrie en proportion du PIB total.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u00c9volution de la part de la valeur ajout\u00e9e industrielle dans le PIB entre 1949 et 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.accuracy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/44.png\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-52614\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accuracy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/44.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1918\" height=\"974\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accuracy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/44.png 1918w, https:\/\/www.accuracy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/44-300x152.png 300w, https:\/\/www.accuracy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/44-1024x520.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.accuracy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/44-768x390.png 768w, https:\/\/www.accuracy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/44-1536x780.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.accuracy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/44-18x9.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1918px) 100vw, 1918px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Alors que la d\u00e9sindustrialisation est continue depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, <strong>elle s'est acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 2000,<\/strong> l'industrie ne repr\u00e9sentant plus qu'un peu plus de 10% du PIB, contre pr\u00e8s de 30% jusque dans les ann\u00e9es 1960. En outre, bien que cette tendance \u00e0 la baisse soit coh\u00e9rente avec celle observ\u00e9e dans de nombreux pays europ\u00e9ens, <strong>il \u00e9tait deux fois plus fort qu'ailleurs.<\/strong> La raison avanc\u00e9e est un mauvais positionnement en termes de comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9-co\u00fbt, li\u00e9 \u00e0 des co\u00fbts salariaux et des imp\u00f4ts sur les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s en France que chez ses voisins.1<\/p>\n<p><strong>Aujourd'hui, la France n'est que <\/strong>\u00e0 quelques points de pourcentage derri\u00e8re l'Allemagne et l'Italie, et proche, voire l\u00e9g\u00e8rement sup\u00e9rieur, au Royaume-Uni et aux \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n<p>Une th\u00e9orie \u00e9conomique peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e pour d\u00e9crire la tendance \u00e0 la baisse de la part de l'industrie : <strong>la courbe du sourire.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Popularis\u00e9 par le fondateur d'Acer, Stan Shih,<\/strong> il postule que la majeure partie de la valeur ajout\u00e9e cr\u00e9\u00e9e par une entreprise industrielle se situe en amont (recherche et d\u00e9veloppement - R&amp;D) et en aval (marketing, ventes, services associ\u00e9s) du processus de production, <strong>de sorte que la production physique ne repr\u00e9sente qu'une partie tr\u00e8s marginale de la valeur d'un bien. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Dans ce contexte, la courbe du sourire sous-tend une certaine g\u00e9ographie des choix productifs : <\/strong>l'efficacit\u00e9 productive consiste \u00e0 tirer parti des possibilit\u00e9s offertes par la mondialisation et \u00e0 choisir de produire dans des pays o\u00f9 le co\u00fbt de la main-d'\u0153uvre est le plus bas possible. <strong>Cela signifie souvent que les services doivent rester proches du client final, <\/strong>mais aussi parfois la fabrication g\u00e9ographiquement \u00e9loign\u00e9e du point de vente, au sein de cha\u00eenes de valeur mondiales.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Covid-19 a partiellement remis en question ce paradigme, <\/strong>consid\u00e9rant que, m\u00eame si la valeur ajout\u00e9e de la production n'est pas \u00e9lev\u00e9e, la proximit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique a une valeur strat\u00e9gique. Par exemple, la p\u00e9nurie de masques chirurgicaux lors de la pand\u00e9mie a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 les risques des choix de localisation associ\u00e9s \u00e0 la courbe du sourire. <strong>Le dilemme est donc clair : <\/strong>choisissent de se r\u00e9industrialiser pour garantir l'approvisionnement, mais acceptent de payer plus cher le produit final.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><strong>LA D\u00c9FENSE COMME UN EXEMPLE DE R\u00c9USSITE <\/strong><strong style=\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji';\">POLITIQUE PUBLIQUE<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Pour des raisons li\u00e9es \u00e0 la minimisation de la d\u00e9pendance ext\u00e9rieure, dans le secteur de la d\u00e9fense, <strong>La France pr\u00e9f\u00e8re superviser la cha\u00eene de valeur pour s'assurer que son industrie de d\u00e9fense<\/strong> est capable de produire les principaux \u00e9quipements n\u00e9cessaires aux forces arm\u00e9es fran\u00e7aises.<\/p>\n<p>Les choix en mati\u00e8re de march\u00e9s publics de la d\u00e9fense peuvent donc servir de point de r\u00e9flexion pour la r\u00e9industrialisation.<\/p>\n<p>Historiquement, la production d'armes en France est li\u00e9e aux arsenaux d'\u00c9tat. Ceux-ci \u00e9taient responsables du d\u00e9veloppement, de la production et de l'entretien des \u00e9quipements, afin de contr\u00f4ler l'ensemble de la cha\u00eene de valeur. <strong>L'ambition gaulliste de la France est celle de l'autonomie strat\u00e9gique : <\/strong>ne pas d\u00e9pendre, y compris des alli\u00e9s, pour les \u00e9l\u00e9ments centraux de la politique de d\u00e9fense.<\/p>\n<p>C'est notamment le cas pour la dissuasion nucl\u00e9aire, o\u00f9 99% des achats du ma\u00eetre d'\u0153uvre industriel sont effectu\u00e9s en France.2<\/p>\n<p><strong>Depuis la fin de la guerre froide, la base industrielle de la France a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9e pour devenir plus efficace,<\/strong> tout en maintenant un objectif d'ind\u00e9pendance dans les domaines critiques (R&amp;D, production finale). Le mod\u00e8le d'entreprise repose en grande partie sur des investissements publics substantiels pour financer le d\u00e9veloppement et la production de syst\u00e8mes d'armes.<\/p>\n<p>Cet investissement, bien que conjoncturel, n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 remis en cause \u00e0 la fin de la guerre froide, contrairement \u00e0 d'autres pays europ\u00e9ens. <strong>En cons\u00e9quence, l'industrie fran\u00e7aise est aujourd'hui l'une des plus performantes au monde. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Outre les commandes publiques, les exportations constituent l'autre composante du mod\u00e8le \u00e9conomique de l'industrie de la d\u00e9fense, <strong>repr\u00e9sentant environ 25% des ventes totales.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>En outre, <strong>minimiser la d\u00e9pendance<\/strong> entra\u00eene une r\u00e9duction du volume des importations, ce qui se traduit par <strong>un ratio de couverture sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 4 au cours des dix derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Aujourd'hui, avec plus de 200 000 emplois, l'industrie de d\u00e9fense fran\u00e7aise repr\u00e9sente un secteur majeur.<\/strong> (pr\u00e8s de 6% de l'industrie totale). En outre, 25% du potentiel de R&amp;D du pays sont concentr\u00e9s dans le secteur de l'a\u00e9rospatiale et de la d\u00e9fense3, ce qui a un impact macro\u00e9conomique positif.4<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><strong>LES D\u00c9FIS DE LA D\u00c9FENSE <\/strong><strong style=\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji';\">R\u00c9INDUSTRIALISATION<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Toutefois, en d\u00e9pit d'une r\u00e9glementation stricte, d'une volont\u00e9 politique constante et d'investissements substantiels, <strong>l'industrie fran\u00e7aise de la d\u00e9fense est confront\u00e9e \u00e0 des d\u00e9fis majeurs.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>La premi\u00e8re consiste \u00e0 garantir la continuit\u00e9 technologique<\/strong> en investissant dans les futurs programmes qui seront en service dans les d\u00e9cennies \u00e0 venir. Il s'agit l\u00e0 d'une ambition majeure de la r\u00e9cente <em>loi de programmation militaire<\/em> (LPM - Loi de programmation militaire), couvrant la p\u00e9riode 2024-2030, qui garantit les d\u00e9penses de R&amp;D pour les successeurs des syst\u00e8mes de dissuasion nucl\u00e9aire.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le deuxi\u00e8me d\u00e9fi consiste \u00e0 augmenter les taux de production <\/strong>car, avec l'augmentation des tensions et des conflits internationaux depuis 2022, la demande de produits de d\u00e9fense fran\u00e7ais est en forte croissance, notamment dans les secteurs de l'artillerie, des munitions et des missiles. <strong>Il existe un certain nombre de goulets d'\u00e9tranglement<\/strong> (difficult\u00e9 de recrutement et r\u00e9activit\u00e9 incertaine de la cha\u00eene de sous-traitance), ce qui fait que, malgr\u00e9 un carnet de commandes bien rempli, les volumes de production n'augmentent que faiblement.5<\/p>\n<p><strong>Un cas de r\u00e9industrialisation dans le secteur de la d\u00e9fense est embl\u00e9matique :<\/strong> la d\u00e9localisation de la production de poudre \u00e0 canon \u00e0 Bergerac avec la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Eurenco. <strong>Cette entreprise, h\u00e9riti\u00e8re des arsenaux et fruit de la consolidation avec les acteurs europ\u00e9ens,<\/strong> b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'une tr\u00e8s forte demande en produits chimiques, dont la poudre \u00e0 canon pour les munitions de gros calibre. En moins d'un an, les investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par Eurenco lui ont permis de relocaliser une grande partie de sa production, d'automatiser ses processus de production et d'augmenter ainsi le rendement du produit final.<\/p>\n<p>Cet exemple confirme que <strong>l'ambition de r\u00e9industrialiser n\u00e9cessite une combinaison de volont\u00e9 politique,<\/strong> qui n'est pas n\u00e9cessairement financi\u00e8re, une vision du mod\u00e8le d'entreprise \u00e0 moyen et long terme, et une analyse du caract\u00e8re strat\u00e9gique de la production.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1 France Strat\u00e9gie (2020), Les politiques industrielles en France, \u00c9volutions et comparaisons internationales, Rapport pour l'Assembl\u00e9e nationale<\/p>\n<p>2 H. Masson (2017), Impact \u00e9conomique de la fili\u00e8re industrielle, composante oc\u00e9anique de la dissuasion, Recherches &amp; documents de la FRS, n\u00b001\/2017.<\/p>\n<p>3 S. Moura et J.-M. Oudot (2017), Performances de la base industrielle de d\u00e9fense : le r\u00f4le des petites et moyennes entreprises, Defence and Peace Economics, 28(6), 652-668.<\/p>\n<p>4 E. Moretti, C. Steinwender et J. Van Reenen (2025), The intellectual spoils of war ? Defense R&amp;D, productivity and international spillovers, Review of Economics and Statistics, 107(1), 14-27<\/p>\n<p>5 J. Droff et J. Malizard (2024), Pourquoi nous ne sommes pas (encore) en \u00e9conomie de guerre ?, The conversation<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.accuracy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Accuracy-Talks-Straight-12-UK.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le PDF &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Julien Malizard - Chaire d'\u00e9conomie de d\u00e9fense - IHEDN<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Accuracy Talks Straight #12 - L'\u00e9clairage acad\u00e9mique<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In recent years, and particularly in the wake of the Covid-19 health crisis, the issue of reindustrialisation has taken centre stage. While industrial policy has historically been seen as an aberration because it runs counter to free competition, increasing public intervention in the industrial sector is a tangible reality. There are many reasons for this: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":52476,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[212,233],"tags":[386],"class_list":["post-52588","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analysis","category-article","tag-accuracy-talks-straight-12"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.6 (Yoast SEO v27.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Reindustrialisation: Defence, a sector to watch? - Accuracy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.accuracy.com\/fr\/la-defense-contre-la-reindustrialisation-un-secteur-a-surveiller\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_CA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Reindustrialisation: Defence, a sector to watch?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In recent years, and particularly in the wake of the Covid-19 health crisis, the issue of reindustrialisation has taken centre stage. While industrial policy has historically been seen as an aberration because it runs counter to free competition, increasing public intervention in the industrial sector is a tangible reality. 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